Marijuana in the Workplace in California

What Are the Laws on Marijuana in the Workplace?

Statutes Regulating Marijuana Use

In 2016 California voters approved adult recreational use of marijuana. The Adult Use of Marijuana Act (“AUMA”) concerns recreational marijuana (Health & Saf. Code, §§ 11362.1 and 11362.2.)

Proposition 215, known as the Compassionate Use Act (“CUA”), provides a limited defense from criminal prosecution for possession and cultivation of marijuana for medical purposes. (Health & Saf. Code, § 11362.5.)

Under the the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA), however, marijuana is classified as a Schedule I substance, § 812(c), based on its high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, and no accepted safety for use in medically supervised treatment. § 812(b)(1). This classification renders the manufacture, distribution, or possession of marijuana a criminal offense. §§ 841(a)(1), 844(a). at 10-15. (Gonzales v. Raich (2005) 545 U.S. 1, 2.)

Case Law Concerning Employment and Marijuana Use

Ross v. RagingWire Telecommunications, Inc. (2008) 42 Cal.4th 920, 926 is the governing case regarding the question of whether an employee may be terminated for violating workplace durg policies through use of marijuana. One of the main reasons being that the FEHA does not require employers to accommodate the use of illegal drugs. (Ross v. RagingWire Telecommunications, Inc. (2008) 42 Cal.4th 920, 926.)

“Nothing in the text or history of the Compassionate Use Act suggests the voters intended the measure to address the respective rights and duties of employers and employees.” (Ross v. RagingWire Telecommunications, Inc. (2008) 42 Cal.4th 920, 922.) “Under California law, an employer may require preemployment drug tests and take illegal drug use into consideration in making employment decisions.” (Id. citing Loder v. City of Glendale (1997) 14 Cal.4th 846, 882-883.) Thus, terminating an employee for use of marijuana is not against the law.

No state law could completely legalize marijuana for medical purposes because the drug remains illegal under federal law (21 U.S.C. § 812, 844(a)), even for medical users (see Gonzales v. Raich (2005) 545 U.S. 1, 26–29; United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative, (2001) 532 U.S. 483, 491–495).

“The Compassionate Use Act (Health Saf. Code, § 11362.5) does not eliminate marijuana's potential for abuse or the employer's legitimate interest in whether an employee uses the drug.” (Ross v. Ragingwire Telecom., Inc. 42 Cal.4th 920, 927). “Marijuana, as noted, remains illegal under federal law because of its ‘high potential for abuse,’ its lack of any ‘currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States,’ and its ‘lack of accepted safety for use . . . under medical supervision.’” (Id. citing 21 U.S.C. § 812(b)(1); see Gonzales v. Raich, supra, 545 U.S. 1, 14.)

“The operative provisions of the Compassionate Use Act (Health & Saf. Code, § 11362.5) do not speak to employment law. Except in their treatment of physicians, who are protected not only from ‘punish[ment]’ but also from being ‘denied any right or privilege . . . for having recommended marijuana’, the act’s operative provisions speak exclusively to the criminal law. (Ross v. Ragingwire Telecom., Inc. 42 Cal.4th 920, 928 citing Health & Saf. Code, § 11362.5(c)) “Subdivision (d) of § 11362.5 provides that ‘§ 11357, relating to the possession of marijuana, and § 11358, relating to the cultivation of marijuana, shall not apply to a patient, or to a patient’s primary caregiver, who possesses or cultivates marijuana for the personal medical purposes of the patient upon the written or oral recommendation or approval of a physician.’” Id. “Subdivision (e) of § 11362.5 simply defines ‘primary caregiver.’” Id. The operative provisions do not mention employment law. (Ross v. Ragingwire Tel.(2008) 42 Cal. 4th 920, 928.)

Rulings for Marijuana in the Workplace in California

Like the employer in Ross, KAISER has a drug-free policy (the “Workplace Policy”) that bans the use of marijuana by its employees. Section 5.6.2 of KAISER’s Workplace Policy states: When reasonable suspicion has been established to indicate an employee is under the influence of alcohol or drugs, the employee will be asked, at the sole discretion of management, to provide breath, blood and/or urine specimens for laboratory testing . . . .

  • Name

    BAILEY V. KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN, INC.

  • Case No.

    FCS050080

  • Hearing

    Apr 04, 2019

The records of Alatorre’s activity on Twitter within the two-day period surrounding the accident appear to be relevant to impeach Alatorre’s denial of marijuana use. Third, any records of Alatorre’s activity on Twitter about use of marijuana in the workplace are relevant to whether Marina Shipyard negligently entrusted the vehicle at issue to Alatorre. The Court finds that this compelling interest outweighs any privacy interest by Alatorre.

  • Name

    CHRISTOPHER ALIGHIRE VS JOSE ANTONIO ALATORRE ET AL

  • Case No.

    BC640212

  • Hearing

    Feb 27, 2020

(r) Allow public and private employers to enact and enforce workplace policies pertaining to marijuana. (s) Tax the growth and sale of marijuana in a way that drives out the illicit market for marijuana and discourages use by minors, and abuse by adults. (t) Generate hundreds of millions of dollars in new state revenue annually for restoring and repairing the environment, youth treatment and prevention, community investment, and law enforcement.

  • Name

    PETITION OF EL CAJON RESIDENTS FOR RESPONSIBLE GOVERNANCE

  • Case No.

    37-2017-00045604-CU-WM-CTL

  • Hearing

    Feb 15, 2018

Plaintiff was involved in the security process of the marijuana licensing program where licensees submitted security plans that EMPD reviewed. (Id., 20:5-14.) At the time Plaintiff was reassigned to patrol duties, EMPD needed a patrol sergeant and City had already ended the marijuana licensing program. (Id., 38:7-39:2.) When the program commenced again in 2020, Reynoso gave the duties related to marijuana licensing to a different sergeant. (Id., 43:10-17.)

  • Name

    BEATRIZ GUADARRAMA VS DAVID REYNOSO, ET AL.

  • Case No.

    21STCV41211

  • Hearing

    Mar 05, 2024

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

The evidence suggests Officer Koegel’s assessments were accurate as Petitioner admitted people at his workplace smoked marijuana and attributed his bloodshot and watery eyes, droopy eyelids, and a sedate or sleepy looking face to his allergies. (AR 8-10, 17.) Officer Koegel identified the “strong odor” of burned marijuana emanating from Petitioner’s care. (AR 17.)

  • Name

    TIMOTHY JOHN M. MCDONOUGH VS STEVEN GORDON, , DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES

  • Case No.

    20STCP01237

  • Hearing

    Feb 05, 2021

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

  • Type

    Administrative

  • Sub Type

    Writ

The weight of the evidence supports Commission’s finding that Petitioner made a false statement at his interview when he “denied returning drugs to detainees except marijuana.” At his interview, Petitioner initially denied returning any drugs except marijuana and then, upon further question from Carrasco, admitted that he had returned methamphetamine a week earlier. (AR 526.) Petitioner’s initial statement about only returning marijuana was false.

  • Name

    CHRISTOPHER VALENTE VS LOS ANGELES COUNTY CIVIL SERVICE COMM

  • Case No.

    BS174760

  • Hearing

    Sep 10, 2020

Merely inquiring of Plaintiff as to his use of marijuana at home does not sufficient for this element as a matter of law, as Plaintiff could simply refuse to answer the question. Complaint, ¶¶ 28 – 30. Moreover, Defendant’s evidence is that the only conversation Plaintiff had about marijuana was during the February 9, 2014 meeting with Segler and Sarish about his provision of the marijuana brownie to Boomgaarden while they were both on the Getty premises.

  • Name

    KILEY BLAND VS J PAUL GETTY TRUST

  • Case No.

    BC604926

  • Hearing

    Sep 28, 2017

In Cardillo , two non-physician owners of a corporation that operated Kush Dr., a medical marijuana clinic, were criminally charged with practicing medicine without a license. (Id. at 494.) They asserted they only provided management services for the physicians who operated out of the clinic and wrote medical marijuana prescriptions. ( Id . at pp. 495496.)

  • Name

    ART CENTER HOLDINGS, INC., A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION, ET AL. VS WCE CA ART, LLC, A DELAWARE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, ET AL.

  • Case No.

    24SMCV01185

  • Hearing

    Apr 30, 2024

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

The court orders that defendant shall not make reference to, or introduce evidence of, plaintiffs alleged use of cocaine or marijuana before plaintiffs employment with defendants began in August 2017. The court denies plaintiffs motion in limine no. 2 as to plaintiffs alleged use of cocaine or marijuana after plaintiffs employment with defendants began in August 2017.

  • Name

    ALLISON CERVANTES VS D'JON MORNAY, ET AL.

  • Case No.

    18STCV09180

  • Hearing

    Dec 06, 2023

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

KFH’s Drug-Free Workplace Policy defines “being under the influence” as an “impairment by alcohol or a drug...regardless of the level detected.” (UF No. 14; Ex. 7 to NOL [Drug-Free Workplace Policy NATL.HR.030].) Pursuant to the policy, a determination that an employee is “under the influence” can be established “by lay observations by supervisors, co-workers, or others.” (UF No. 15; Ex. 7 to NOL [Drug-Free Workplace Policy NATL.HR.030].)

  • Name

    MARIANNA JONG VS KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS, A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

  • Case No.

    19STCV30856

  • Hearing

    May 27, 2021

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

  • Type

    Employment

  • Sub Type

    Wrongful Term

“The express intent of the author of the legislation was to address the growing phenomenon in California of workplace violence by providing employers with injunctive relief so as to prevent such acts of workplace violence.” (Scripps Health v. Marin (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 324, 334, italics omitted.)

  • Name

    COLD SPRING ELEMENTRY SCHOOL DISTRICT VS AMANDA ROWAN

  • Case No.

    21CV00989

  • Hearing

    May 21, 2021

A “No MATCH” clause, whereby father shall not molest, annoy, threaten, contact, or harass her; includes coming to her home or workplace without prior agreement; exceptions are to be carved out for peaceful custody exchanges and communication through TalkingParents regarding Audrey. h. Guideline child support to be calculated following the exchange of necessary financial disclosures.

  • Name

    NICOLE DEMARCO AND ROSARY DEMARCO

  • Case No.

    19FL01208

  • Hearing

    Aug 20, 2019

In August 2019, a Google employee reported to Plaintiff that Tucker, another Google employee, had consumed marijuana gummies on the job on Google property. Plaintiff discussed the problem with Tucker. During their conversation, Plaintiff expressed his opposition to the use of marijuana while on the job and stated that it could be a criminal offense. In September 2019, Jennifer Chason (Chason), Google Cloud Enterprise’s Director, told Plaintiff that “Google has too many middle-aged white men.”

  • Name

    JASON HUTCHINSON VS GOOGLE, INC., ET AL.

  • Case No.

    20STCV03411

  • Hearing

    Jun 26, 2020

Here, Plaintiff presents evidence that despite the stated marijuana policy, which as Exhibit I of Defendants evidence states that any employee who is found to be using drugs before or during work would be terminated, there were other employees who actively smelled of marijuana, were told to go home, and yet still remained employed by Defendant. (PUMF 78.)

  • Name

    CARLOS GARCIA VS ROSE PLUMBING AND GENERAL CONTRACTING, INC., A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

  • Case No.

    21STCV08886

  • Hearing

    Apr 17, 2023

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

County argues Plaintiff has no information to suggest that these persons were even aware that Plaintiff filed the workplace violence report relating to Nelson so she will be unable to present any evidence that their decisions were influenced by the workplace violence report against Nelson. Based on this, County argues the Court should grant the summary adjudication of the retaliation claim. Plaintiff responds that she filed a workplace violence report against Mr.

  • Case No.

    N23-1583

  • Hearing

    Oct 23, 2023

  • County

    Contra Costa County, CA

Plaintiff opposes the demurrers on the following grounds: plaintiff’s complaints to defendant involved a co-employee’s illegal drug use of marijuana and “acid” impairment, which compromised the health and safety of other employees and community residents. Defendant replied to the opposition.

  • Name

    MILLER V. AUBURN LAKE TRAILS

  • Case No.

    PC-20170466

  • Hearing

    Aug 10, 2018

"Moral blame" attached to Defendants conduct is presented by Plaintiffs evidence that Defendants did not protect minors but, instead, intentionally placed minor fans in close proximity to Lopez by hosting parties where alcohol and marijuana was consumed in order to promote THH. (PASF 62-66.) The policy factors weigh in favor for imposition of liability because a societal goal is to protect and safeguard minors from sexual abuse.

  • Name

    H.L. DOE, ET AL. VS TONY LOPEZ, ET AL.

  • Case No.

    21STCV00446

  • Hearing

    Mar 17, 2023

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

“Actionable harassment consists of more than ‘annoying or merely offensive comments in the workplace,’ and it cannot be ‘occasional, isolated, sporadic, or trivial; rather, the employee must show a concerted pattern of harassment of a repeated, routine, or a generalized nature.’” (Cornell v. Berkeley Tennis Club (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 908, 940.)

  • Name

    KEISHA NESBITT LEWIS, PHN, RN, MSN VS. OMNI FAMILY HEALTH ORGANIZATION

  • Case No.

    21CECG02922

  • Hearing

    Jun 07, 2023

  • County

    Fresno County, CA

App. 3d 187, 194 (overturning discharge of a tax representative trainee for marijuana possession because there was no relationship between possessing marijuana off the job and the duties of a tax representative trainee.). LACMA replies that Scagliotti could be terminated even if there is no nexus to his job duties.

  • Name

    LOS ANGELES COUNTY MUSEUM OF ART VS LOS ANGELES COUNTY CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

  • Case No.

    23STCP02481

  • Hearing

    May 07, 2024

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

This cause of action is based on C.C.P. section 527.8, which states, "Any employer, whose employee has suffered unlawful violence or a credible threat of violence from any individual, that can reasonably be construed to be carried out or to have been carried out at the workplace, may seek a temporary restraining order and an order after hearing on behalf of the employee and, at the discretion of the court, any number of other employees at the workplace, and, if appropriate, other employees at other workplaces

  • Name

    THAKORE VS BOND

  • Case No.

    37-2023-00000281-CU-NP-CTL

  • Hearing

    Nov 09, 2023

  • County

    San Diego County, CA

(h) Examples of genetic discrimination in the workplace include the use of preemployment genetic screening at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, which led to a court decision in favor of the employees in that case, Norman–Bloodsaw v. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (9th Cir. 1998) 135 F.3d 1260, 1269. (i) The State of California has a compelling public interest in realizing the medical promise of genomics.

  • Name

    CONANT JR. VS JONNER TRANSPORTATION INC.

  • Case No.

    CVPS2203256

  • Hearing

    May 18, 2023

  • County

    Riverside County, CA

It is not our role to engage in what would amount to a redrafting of [a] complaint in order to read that document as alleging conduct that supports a claim that has not in fact been specifically alleged , and then assess whether the pleading that we have essentially drafted could survive the anti-SLAPP motion directed at it. ( Medical Marijuana, supra , 6 Cal.App.5th at p. 621, fn. omitted, italics added.) ( Medical Marijuana, Inc. v.

  • Name

    GAURAV SRIVASTAVA VS JILL SMALL

  • Case No.

    21STCV28536

  • Hearing

    Nov 16, 2021

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

Cochran concerns the death of an employee in a workplace fire; the business used and stored the highly combustible substance magnesium. Decedents husband and family based their lawsuit in part on the allegation that the city violated its mandatory duties under the municipal code to abate known hazardous conditions. In upholding summary judgment in favor of the city, the Cochran court cited Clayton, supra .

  • Name

    LODIE POLLARD ET AL VS HAIG M BAZOIAN ET AL

  • Case No.

    BC718464

  • Hearing

    Apr 14, 2023

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

“Actionable harassment consists of more than ‘annoying or merely offensive comments in the workplace,’ and it cannot be ‘occasional, isolated, sporadic, or trivial; rather, the employee must show a concerted pattern of harassment of a repeated, routine, or a generalized nature.’” (Cornell v. Berkeley Tennis Club (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 908, 940.)

  • Name

    KEISHA NESBITT LEWIS, PHN, RN, MSN VS. OMNI FAMILY HEALTH ORGANIZATION

  • Case No.

    21CECG02922

  • Hearing

    Jan 23, 2024

  • County

    Fresno County, CA

It was entirely reasonable for Defendants to conclude that Plaintiff had engaged in a series of sexually inappropriate actions in the workplace.

  • Name

    DAMIAN GARCIA V. COTTAGE HEALTH, ET AL.

  • Case No.

    20CV00675

  • Hearing

    Apr 13, 2021

Superior Court (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 1108, Deputy Sheriff Spencer shot and killed a man when serving a search warrant on an alleged marijuana ranch. "The Ventura County District Attorney conducted an investigation and issued a public report exculpating Spencer from criminal liability. The report, however, questioned the veracity of the search warrant affidavit and suggested that Spencer's primary motivation was to seize the property as part of a drug forfeiture.

  • Name

    WEIGAND VS. SAN DIEGO COUNTY PUBLIC AUTHORITY IHSS

  • Case No.

    37-2016-00008782-CU-OE-CTL

  • Hearing

    Dec 01, 2016

(1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 1420)(emotional distress allegedly resulting from continuing pattern of workplace harassment based on sexual orientation).)

  • Name

    ARTIGA JOEL VS NICOLAS MORENO, ET AL.

  • Case No.

    19STCV46508

  • Hearing

    Mar 13, 2024

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

Because Human Resources took no action to protect Plaintiff when she complained about discrimination and retaliation, because her supervisors retaliated against Plaintiff, and because she was not allowed to move to another team, Plaintiff s workplace became intolerable and she had no choice but to resign her employment. (Ibid.)

  • Name

    SCHULZE V. APPLE, INC.

  • Case No.

    20CV369611

  • Hearing

    Aug 12, 2021

Defendants must file and serve answers to the complaint by October 26, 2020. ____________________ * CBD stands for cannabidiol; it is essentially marijuana with the THC taken out. **Woo is a resident of San Diego County. (Complaint, ¶ 3.) ***Presumably Justice Dato meant "court." **** As the court held in the summary judgment context in San Diego Watercrafts, Inc. v.

  • Name

    WOO VS ISODIOL INTERNATIONAL INC

  • Case No.

    37-2020-00023051-CU-BC-CTL

  • Hearing

    Oct 15, 2020

“[A]lthough an adverse employment action must materially affect the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment to be actionable, the determination of whether a particular action or course of conduct rises to the level of actionable conduct should take into account the unique circumstances of the affected employee as well as the workplace context of the claim.” (Yanowitz, supra, 36 Cal.4th at 1052.)

  • Name

    ANDUALEM ASEFFA ARAGAW VS GRAND PRIZE LIQUOR INC ET AL

  • Case No.

    BC658024

  • Hearing

    Nov 20, 2017

During this period, Petitioner provided CW with alcohol, nitrous oxide, marijuana, methamphetamine, and Xanax. (AR 751.) Petitioner also purchased CW alcohol at liquor stores and bongs at smoke shops. (Ibid.) Petitioner prescribed an asthma inhaler for CW on December 30, 2015 to soothe CW’s lungs after smoking marijuana and methamphetamine. Petitioner was not CW’s physician and Petitioner did not maintain medical records for CW. (AR 168-169, 751, 867-872, 1297.)

  • Name

    CARMEN A PULIAFITO M D VS MEDICAL BOARD OF CALIFORNIA DEPT

  • Case No.

    BS175056

  • Hearing

    Jul 21, 2020

In the 8 th cause of action, Plaintiff alleges that on March 25, 2021, EDN, CKS, and Deloach fired Plaintiff in retaliation of him complaining of unsafe working conditions and requesting medical leave and treatment following battery at work by Vega during workplace hours. (Compl., ¶66.)

  • Name

    ELIAS REIDY VS EAU DI NIL MARKETING & EVENTS, INC., ET AL.

  • Case No.

    23BBCV00658

  • Hearing

    Jan 12, 2024

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

Moreover, plaintiff disputes the underlying allegations of misconduct, including yelling at a dog, mishandling a dog during a move, and being outside when another employee smoked marijuana during a break. The write ups for “lateness” all started after plaintiff was injured and after she was placed on medical restrictions by her doctor.

  • Name

    JESSICA MARINO VS. ADVANCED CRITICAL CARE EMERGENCY

  • Case No.

    LC107570

  • Hearing

    Mar 01, 2021

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

  • Type

    Employment

  • Sub Type

    Wrongful Term

From a review of the allegations, these measures appear to have a rational relationship to the object of helping lower the risk of ongoing transmission at workplace establishments with active outbreaks. [See SAC, para. 74].

  • Name

    JOEL D LAMONT VS ROBERT W NORTE, ET AL.

  • Case No.

    22BBCV00881

  • Hearing

    Jul 29, 2022

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

First, he brought and distributed marijuana edibles to a University-sanctioned event in Thailand. AR 1450. This act violated University policy for a drug free workplace. AR 1450.

  • Name

    YAARUB ALWAN VS WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, A CALIFORNIA NONPROFIT CORPORATION

  • Case No.

    20STCP02972

  • Hearing

    Apr 19, 2022

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

Marijuana, Inc., supra, 46 Cal. App. 5th at 883 [the issues in an anti-SLAPP motion are framed by the pleadings].)

  • Name

    LEAH REMINI VS CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

  • Case No.

    23STCV18300

  • Hearing

    Feb 06, 2024

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

[Citation.]” ( Medical Marijuana, Inc. v. ProjectCBD.com (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 869, 883.) Accordingly, the Court may only look to whether the photo actually published by Defendant, the photo upon which Plaintiff’s cause of action relies, is a matter of public concern. Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Defendant has prevailed on the second prong as to the first cause of action. Defendant’s special motion to strike is GRANTED as to the first cause of action.

  • Name

    KATHERINE HILL VS KENNETH HESLEP, ET AL.

  • Case No.

    20STCV48797

  • Hearing

    Apr 21, 2021

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

  • Type

    Personal Injury/ Tort

  • Sub Type

    other

Marijuana, Inc., supra, 46 Cal. App. 5th at 883 [the issues in an anti-SLAPP motion are framed by the pleadings].)

  • Name

    LEAH REMINI VS CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL.

  • Case No.

    23STCV18300

  • Hearing

    Jan 16, 2024

  • County

    Los Angeles County, CA

Defendant states that “evidence was presented that Plaintiff was given a relatively positive performance evaluation at the end of 2016, and was also not previously terminated when it was discovered that he was smoking marijuana during a lunch break.” (Id. at p. 9:11-14 [citing (Marchlewski Decl., ¶¶ 3-4, Trial Exhibit 21, Trial Transcript 6/17/19, 145:1-146:27; Trial Transcript 6/18/19, 121:4-122:19].)

  • Name

    STEVE SNOECK VS EXAKTIME INNOVATIONS INC

  • Case No.

    BC708964

  • Hearing

    Oct 07, 2019

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